Finite-time thermodynamics (FTT) is an advanced field that addresses the inherent irreversibilities associated with real-world energy conversion processes. Unlike classical thermodynamics which ...

When French engineer Sadi Carnot calculated the maximum efficiency of a heat engine in 1824, he had no idea what heat was. In those days, physicists thought heat was a fluid called caloric. But Carnot ...

A heat engine is a device that accepts heat from a high temperature reservoir, T H , performs externalwork, W, and rejects heat to a low temperature reservoir T L. The diagram shows a practical ...