This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American The Viennese physician Josef Breuer ...

Bertha Pappenheim, always presented under the name of "Anna O." as the original patient of psychoanalysis, was actually never treated by Freud himself but by his friend and mentor Josef Breuer. She ...

In the summer of 1883, Sigmund Freud was a semi-employed twenty-eight-year-old medical researcher, still living in a crowded apartment with his immigrant parents and sisters. He had recently become ...