Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-induced biological changes include intermittent hypoxia, intermittent hypercapnia, intrathoracic pressure changes, sympathetic activation and sleep fragmentation.

Considerable controversy exists on the best methods to diagnose airflow obstruction. Most of the discrete ratio thresholds used to define airflow obstruction are insensitive to early and mild disease.

Dyspnea is one of the most common symptoms reported by patients receiving palliative care. It is not only a symptom of severe or chronic pulmonary disease, but is also associated with a wide ...