Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and difference equations serve as complementary tools in the mathematical modelling of processes evolving in continuous and discrete time respectively. Together ...
Stability theory occupies a central role in the analysis of differential equations and wave equations, serving as the cornerstone for understanding the long‐term behaviour of dynamical systems. At its ...
S. Banach, Sur les opérations dans les ensembles abstraits et leur applications aux équations intégrales, Fund. Math. 3 (1922), 133-181. S. Sadiq Bacha, Extentions ...
First‑order differential equations, linear and separable equations, integrating factors, applications. Second‑order linear differential equations. Fundamental solutions, linear independence, Wronskian ...
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