Reconstruction after the Civil War promised black citizens of the United ... a group of "Creoles of color" appealed for equal rights to the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1896 Plessy v.

Reconstruction policies officially end. The South codifies and enforces segregation. Violations of black civil rights will not command national attention again until after World War II.

In their paper, Howayda al-Harithy and Dina Mneimneh examine how, after the end of the civil war, reconstruction efforts failed to address social and cultural dimensions of recovery. Government ...